In Europe, there has been a 583% growth in internet usage between the years 20 over 85% of the population now has access to the internet. The majority of the worldwide population that previously did not have access to a computer or a fixed-line telephone now has mobile phones. In 2019, this percentage had increased to 56.3%. In 1995, only 1% of the global population had an internet connection. Dramatic increases in access to and use of internet and mobile phone technology have supported the development of eHealth technology. eHealth tools include app- and Web-based tools that can screen individuals who are at risk and/or offer self-help intervention or clinical referrals for various health conditions. Self-testing for cognitive impairment, via app- or Web-based tools, may support these aspirations by identifying people who may be developing cognitive impairment and by directing them to appropriate health and social care support services.Įlectronic medical and mental health information and services (referred to as electronic health ) are increasingly delivered through the internet. Several national policies relating to dementia have prioritized the need to increase the diagnosis rate and ensure a timely diagnosis of dementia. Self-detection may also facilitate earlier diagnosis, a critical aspect of dementia care. Raising awareness of dementia and self-detection of cognitive decline have the potential to increase the diagnosis rate, thereby fostering appropriate support for people with dementia. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), less than 10% of the people with dementia receive a formal diagnosis. For example, in many high-income countries, less than half of the people living with dementia receive a formal diagnosis. In many areas of the world, dementia remains underdiagnosed. There is a need for well-validated tools and guidance for users concerning which tools provide reliable information about possible cognitive impairment that could warrant further investigation.īy 2050, the number of people living with dementia is expected to increase to 152 million globally. Only 7 tools had any information concerning psychometric quality, and only 1 tool reported data on performance norms, reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity for the detection of cognitive impairment.Ĭonclusions: The number of cognitive self-assessment electronic health tools for cognitive impairment is increasing, but most are of uncertain quality. If no response to the survey was received, Google (to identify gray literature), Google Scholar, and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online were searched using key terms “(name of developer, if available)” AND “(the name of the tool)” to identify any additional data. We then conducted an electronic survey with the developers of the tools to identify data relating to development and validation of each tool. The most frequently assessed domains were memory, attention, and executive function. Most tools meeting the inclusion criteria assessed multiple cognitive domains. Results: We identified 3057 tools, of which 25 were included in the review. Methods: We conducted systematic searches in electronic databases, including Google search, Google Play Store, and iPhone Operating System App Store, using the search terms “Online OR Internet-based AND Memory OR Brain OR Dementia OR mild cognitive impairment OR MCI AND Test OR Screen OR Check.” Objective: The objective of this study was to undertake a scoping review of app- and Web-based self-tests for cognitive impairment and determine the validity of these tests. University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences CentreĮmail: Tools for app- and Web-based self-testing for identification of cognitive impairment are widely available but are of uncertain quality. Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 10 articles.
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